Applications of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in clinical practice.

Traditionally, blood pressure has been measured by the sphygmomanometer in the medical office. There is growing evidence, however, that office blood pressures may not be typical of values throughout the day. Between 20% and 30% of patients diagnosed with hypertension in the office actually are normotensive at other times. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with small, portable devices that automatically measure blood pressure every few minutes throughout the day appears to be an appropriate tool when "white-coat" hypertension is suspected--i.e., for individuals whose hypertension in the physician's office is not associated with other physical or historical evidence for cardiovascular disease or with other risk factors. Used prudently, ambulatory monitoring is a cost-effective technique that potentially can prevent unnecessary treatment of patients. Moreover, whole-day measurements may correlate more closely than office measurements may correlate more closely than office measurements do with findings of cardiovascular disease. This new approach also has highlighted the circadian pattern of blood pressure, especially the sharp early to mid-morning increase that coincides with an increased tendency to major cardiovascular events. This has focused attention on directing antihypertensive therapy towards the morning hours. Ambulatory monitoring is now used routinely in studies of antihypertensive drugs. This technique has no placebo effect and takes fewer patients to assess drug efficacy than do conventional methods.